This research aims to analysis the biophysical characteristics of watershed of Deli River to know potential flooding in Medan. The research is conducted at Deli River, which is located in 3 locations in North Sumatera namely Karo Regency, Deli Serdang and Medan City. Indonesia. This research used field survey method, survey activity in the form of observation and verification of characterization and biophysical identification of watershed in each location. Some properties of soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory. Field surveys were also conducted by observing the types of land use, as well as, climate and hydrological data. The results of surveyed data and soil analysis were used to assess land damage. The findings showed that understanding the biophysical flow of the river especially land use, slope, landform, and rainfall in the upstream Deli sub watershed in the Deli River in Medan is very important and sensitive. One of the causes of flooding in Medan City due to the degradation / damage of land both due to erosion, land criticality, and land use that is not in accordance with the ability of land use. The direction of conservation and land use has an impact on the decrease of maximum flood and flood volume of each Sub Watershed with 2, 5 and 10 year re-period.

This study investigated the effect of different methods of cooking on quality characteristics of chicken breast fillet. This assay applied 120oC autoclaving for 5 and 10 minutes, 180oC deep frying for 5 and 8 minutes and 600 watt microwaving for 3, 6 and 9 minutes and compared cooking loss, hardness, normal shear, toughness, L*a*b* color parameters and sensory attributes of cooked chicken fillet. The cutting tests demonstrated that 5 minute deep fried treatment and control experienced the lowest hardness respectively, while the 9 minute microwaved treatment showed the highest hardness and toughness (P<0.05). The 8 minute deep fried (without any flour cover) treatment showed the highest brightness (L*) and lowest redness (a*) values. It must be mentioned that deep fried treatments gained the highest sensory preferences with lowest cooking loss percentage. The study revealed that deep frying is the best cooking method of chicken breast fillet in order to achieve better color, cooking loss, texture and sensory attributes.

Fetal biophysical profile scoring is a sonographic-based method of fetal assessment first described by Manning and Platt in 1980.The biophysical profile score was developed as a method to integrate real-time observations of the fetus and his/her intrauterine environment in order to more comprehensively assess the fetal condition. These findings must be evaluated in the context of maternal/fetal history (i.e., chronic hypertension, post-dates, intrauterine growth restriction, etc), fetal structural integrity (presence or absence of congenital anomalies), and the functionality of fetal support structures (placental and umbilical cord). For example, acute asphyxia due to placental abruption may result in an absence of the acute variables of the biophysical profile score (fetal breathing movements, fetal movement, fetal tone, and fetal heart rate reactivity) with a normal amniotic fluid volume. With post maturity the asphyxial event may be intermittent and chronic resulting in a decrease in amniotic fluid volume, but with the acute variables remaining normal.While the 5 components of the biophysical profile score have remained unchanged since 1980 (Manning, 1980), the definitions of a normal and abnormal parameter have evolved with increasing experience.In 1984 the definition of oligohydramnios was increased from < 1cm pocket of fluid to < 2.0 x 1.0 cm pocket. Oligohydramnios is now defined as a pocket of amniotic fluid < 2.0 x 2.0 cm (Manning, 1995a)If the four ultrasound variables are normal, the accuracy of the biophysical profile score was not found to be significantly improved by adding the non-stress test. As a result, in 1987 the profile score was modified to incorporate the non-stress test only when one of the ultrasound variables was abnormal (Manning 1987). Table 1 outlines the current definitions for quantifying a variable as present or absent.Each of the 5 components of the biophysical profile score does not have equal significance. Fetal breathing movements, amniotic fluid volume, and the non-stress test are the most powerful variables. For example, when the biophysical profile score is 2, the perinatal mortality varies between 428/1000 with only fetal movement present to 66/1000 if the non-stress test is reactive and all of the ultrasound parameters are absent (Manning 1990b). Some authors have, therefore, proposed utilization of a modified biophysical profile that incorporates only the non-stress test and amniotic fluid volume (Miller 1996). Although the positive predictive value of these 2 tests is equivalent to a biophysical profile score of 6, the perinatal mortality is still increased over a normal test score of 8 or 10 (Manning 1990b). The false positive rate with the modified biophysical profile score is also substantially higher.Conclusions: The fetus expresses its well being or compromised status through a number of different biophysical activities that are controlled by different central nervous system centers. The utilization of the biophysical score for ante partum surveillance in high-risk patients has resulted in a reduction in perinatal mortality when compared to historical controls. The appropriate management of the viable fetus with an abnormal biophysical profile score may also decrease long-term neurological morbidity (Manning 1998).It is unlikely that in the future additional variables will be added to the biophysical profile score. However, perhaps the incorporation of the fetal state (i.e., eye movements) and Doppler flow studies of specific fetal vessels (umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, ductus venosus) will be incorporated into a complete assessment of the fetal conditionTable 1. Components of the 30 Minute Biophysical Profile ScoreComponent                                DefinitionFetal movements                       ³3 body or limb movementsFetal tone                                  One episode of active extension and flexion of the limbs; opening and                                                closing of handFetal breathing movements         ³1 episode of ³30 seconds in 30 minutesAmniotic fluid volume                 - Hiccups are considered breathing activity                                                A single 2 cm x 2 cm pocket is considered adequateNon-stress test                          2 accelerations > 15 beats per minute of at least 15 seconds duration

Background and Objective: Forests around the world have become increasingly vulnerable due to their exposure to a range of environmental and human-induced threats. As the detrimental effects of forest degradation and declining ecosystem quality are widely recognized as major risks, it is essential to develop effective tools and strategies to prevent or mitigate these impacts. Understanding the degree of forest sensitivity is a critical step in this process. This study aims to classify the sensitivity of forest ecosystems in Lordegan County based on both structural characteristics of forest stands and biophysical factors, including topographic and hydrological features. Material and Methods: This research assessed the sensitivity levels of forest habitats in Lordegan County using key indicators of forest health—specifically the Leaf Area Index (LAI) and forest density—alongside physiographic variables (slope, aspect, and elevation), rainfall patterns, and land use/land cover data. Structural and land use maps were generated and validated using satellite imagery, while physiographic data were derived from the province’s topographic maps. Average annual precipitation was calculated using long-term monthly rainfall data from nearby synoptic and rain gauge stations. A regression model was developed to estimate annual rainfall variability at each station, which was then spatially mapped. All input layers were converted into raster format in ArcGIS 10. 7 and classified into four sensitivity categories: low, moderate, high, and very high. The standardized indicator maps were weighted using the Delphi method, and a composite sensitivity index map was created by averaging the weighted layers. The relationship between the sensitivity index and the contributing indicators was examined using Pearson correlation analysis. Results: The integrated sensitivity analysis revealed that 18, 386. 34 hectares (14. 44%) of the forest area were categorized as low sensitivity, 48, 333. 58 hectares (37. 96%) as moderate, 38, 179. 18 hectares (30%) as high, and 22, 405. 90 hectares (17. 60%) as very high sensitivity. Statistical analysis showed that spatial variations in forest sensitivity were strongly influenced by a positive correlation with both LAI and forest density, while precipitation had a significant negative correlation with sensitivity. Additionally, the combination of physiographic variables demonstrated that sensitivity and vulnerability increased as slope, aspect, and elevation values approached higher threshold classes (i. e., classes 3 and 4). Conclusion: This study highlights that a high-resolution spatial evaluation of sensitivity indicators—using a 30x30 meter grid—can effectively reveal the relationships between key factors influencing forest vulnerability in Lordegan. The projected increase in climatic variability and its growing impact on forest sensitivity underscore the urgent need for proactive monitoring and management. Without timely intervention, these forests are likely to face escalating threats from climate change, natural hazards, and human activities, leading to further degradation. Future research should incorporate the other two core dimensions of vulnerability—exposure and adaptive capacity—alongside sensitivity. Emphasizing the role of local communities within a social-ecological systems framework could offer a more comprehensive understanding of forest vulnerability and inform more resilient conservation strategies.

In this study, quality characteristics of incorporated burgers containing 25, 50, 75 and 100 silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) surimi was evaluated. Proximate composition (moisture, fat, protein and ash content), texture profile analysis (TPA), water holding capacity (WHC) and sensory attributes (taste, smell, texture, color and general acceptability), of burgers were determined. According to the data, burgers containing surimi showed lower amount of protein, fat and ash compare to the meat burger with no surimi (control) (P<0. 05), but the moisture content of former burgers was significantly higher that the control (P<0. 05). Based on TPA test's data, incorporation of surimi into burger caused significant reduction in hardness, chewiness and gumminess compared to control and the burgars containing 50, 75 and 100 surimi were significantly (P<0. 05) different compare to control. Sensory evaluation indicated that burgers with 75 and 100 meat obtained the highest texture scores (P<0. 05), whereas, did not show any significant difference in terms of color, taste and flavor compared to the control (P>0. 05).

Highlights- Urban physical expansion has had an impact on spatial and temporal changes in Tasseled cap, including Land Surface Temperature (LST), resulting in an increase in surface temperature.- Surveys conducted in cities have shown that the patterns of urban expansion are influenced by the geographic setting and regional factors.- The average greenness in areas with wet weather conditions (such as Bandar Anzali and Shirgah) differs from areas with hot and dry weather conditions (such as Kashan), based on climatic conditions.IntroductionGlobally, the physical growth of cities is recognized as a major threat to natural and ecological resources, with a variety of effects including land use change, increased pollution, increased earth surface temperatures, and climate change in both urban and non-urban areas. Planning to minimize the negative environmental effects of urban growth can be aided by quantifying and monitoring the changes caused by urban development in the Tasseled cap of the surface. Urban management and planning can also be derived from the quantitative and qualitative effects of climatic conditions on the type and amount of changes in the Tasseled cap of the surface due to physical expansion of the cities. Furthermore, weather conditions are the primary and effective factor on the type and amount of changes in the Tasseled cap properties of the surface. Considering field measurement is a time-consuming and expensive technique, remote sensing technology will be helpful and effective to overcome this challenge because of its large and continuous coverage, immediate access, and availability of data at various local, regional, and global scales.Theoretical FrameworkUrbanization leads to an increase in land surface temperature (LST). In general, at the patch scale, the more compact the urban growth, the more easily the surface warmed. In most temperature zones, it was found that edge expansion and infilling had significant and favorable correlations with LST. Positive correlations were found in the warm temperature and plateau climatic zones, while negative correlations were seen in the subtropical and intermediate temperature zones, indicating that the influence of outliers on LST had opposite effects in these regions. The findings also demonstrated that LST was significantly influenced in diverse ways by patch area, industrial firm density, population density, and road density. This study further verified the existence of a scale effect; moreover, the results of patch-scale research based on the microscopic perspective were deemed to be more accurate. Overall, understanding the quantitative relationships between UGP and LST is helpful for assessing the complexity of urban climates and for providing a scientific basis for planners and urban managers to optimize urban layouts, (Rao et al., 2021: 105314).MethodologyThe physical development of cities and their impact on the surface's Tasseled cap have been the subject of numerous studies. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different climatic conditions on the changes in Tasseled cap by using remote sensing. The cities of Kashan, Bandar Anzali, and Sirjan were chosen as the study regions for this research because of their diversity in geographical features, climatic features, and land cover. So, between 1991 and 2021, the effects of various climatic conditions and changes in thermal temperature on these cities were examined. For this purpose, satellite images of Landsat 5 TM sensor and Landsat 8 OLI sensor used.ConclusionThis study investigated the effect of climatic conditions on the spatial and temporal changes in Tasseled cap, including LST, in three cities in Iran: Kashan, Sirjan, and Bandar Anzali. The results showed that urban expansion has led to an increase in LST in all three cities. However, the increase in LST was more pronounced in Kashan, which has a hot and dry climate, than in Sirjan and Bandar Anzali, which have more humid climates. This is because the reduction of vegetation cover in urban areas reduces evaporation and transpiration, which leads to an increase in surface temperature.The study also found that the changes in other Tasseled cap indices, such as brightness and wetness, were also affected by climatic conditions. In the humid cities of Bandar Anzali and Sirjan, the increase in LST was accompanied by an increase in brightness and wetness. This is because the presence of vegetation helps to reflect sunlight and retain moisture, which helps to cool the surface. In contrast, in the hot and dry city of Kashan, the increase in LST was accompanied by a decrease in brightness and wetness.The findings of this study suggest that the planning and management of urban areas should take into account the local climatic conditions. In hot and dry climates, it is important to preserve vegetation cover to help reduce surface temperatures. In humid climates, it is important to design urban spaces in a way that maximizes the benefits of vegetation, such as shading and moisture retention.The study also suggests that future studies should consider the effects of climatic conditions on the changes in Tasseled cap in different cities. This will help to improve our understanding of the relationship between urban development and climate change.

Highlights- Urban physical expansion has had an impact on spatial and temporal changes in Tasseled cap, including Land Surface Temperature (LST), resulting in an increase in surface temperature.- Surveys conducted in cities have shown that the patterns of urban expansion are influenced by the geographic setting and regional factors.- The average greenness in areas with wet weather conditions (such as Bandar Anzali and Shirgah) differs from areas with hot and dry weather conditions (such as Kashan), based on climatic conditions.IntroductionGlobally, the physical growth of cities is recognized as a major threat to natural and ecological resources, with a variety of effects including land use change, increased pollution, increased earth surface temperatures, and climate change in both urban and non-urban areas. Planning to minimize the negative environmental effects of urban growth can be aided by quantifying and monitoring the changes caused by urban development in the Tasseled cap of the surface. Urban management and planning can also be derived from the quantitative and qualitative effects of climatic conditions on the type and amount of changes in the Tasseled cap of the surface due to physical expansion of the cities. Furthermore, weather conditions are the primary and effective factor on the type and amount of changes in the Tasseled cap properties of the surface. Considering field measurement is a time-consuming and expensive technique, remote sensing technology will be helpful and effective to overcome this challenge because of its large and continuous coverage, immediate access, and availability of data at various local, regional, and global scales.Theoretical FrameworkUrbanization leads to an increase in land surface temperature (LST). In general, at the patch scale, the more compact the urban growth, the more easily the surface warmed. In most temperature zones, it was found that edge expansion and infilling had significant and favorable correlations with LST. Positive correlations were found in the warm temperature and plateau climatic zones, while negative correlations were seen in the subtropical and intermediate temperature zones, indicating that the influence of outliers on LST had opposite effects in these regions. The findings also demonstrated that LST was significantly influenced in diverse ways by patch area, industrial firm density, population density, and road density. This study further verified the existence of a scale effect; moreover, the results of patch-scale research based on the microscopic perspective were deemed to be more accurate. Overall, understanding the quantitative relationships between UGP and LST is helpful for assessing the complexity of urban climates and for providing a scientific basis for planners and urban managers to optimize urban layouts, (Rao et al., 2021: 105314).MethodologyThe physical development of cities and their impact on the surface's Tasseled cap have been the subject of numerous studies. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of different climatic conditions on the changes in Tasseled cap by using remote sensing. The cities of Kashan, Bandar Anzali, and Sirjan were chosen as the study regions for this research because of their diversity in geographical features, climatic features, and land cover. So, between 1991 and 2021, the effects of various climatic conditions and changes in thermal temperature on these cities were examined. For this purpose, satellite images of Landsat 5 TM sensor and Landsat 8 OLI sensor used.ConclusionThis study investigated the effect of climatic conditions on the spatial and temporal changes in Tasseled cap, including LST, in three cities in Iran: Kashan, Sirjan, and Bandar Anzali. The results showed that urban expansion has led to an increase in LST in all three cities. However, the increase in LST was more pronounced in Kashan, which has a hot and dry climate, than in Sirjan and Bandar Anzali, which have more humid climates. This is because the reduction of vegetation cover in urban areas reduces evaporation and transpiration, which leads to an increase in surface temperature.The study also found that the changes in other Tasseled cap indices, such as brightness and wetness, were also affected by climatic conditions. In the humid cities of Bandar Anzali and Sirjan, the increase in LST was accompanied by an increase in brightness and wetness. This is because the presence of vegetation helps to reflect sunlight and retain moisture, which helps to cool the surface. In contrast, in the hot and dry city of Kashan, the increase in LST was accompanied by a decrease in brightness and wetness.The findings of this study suggest that the planning and management of urban areas should take into account the local climatic conditions. In hot and dry climates, it is important to preserve vegetation cover to help reduce surface temperatures. In humid climates, it is important to design urban spaces in a way that maximizes the benefits of vegetation, such as shading and moisture retention.The study also suggests that future studies should consider the effects of climatic conditions on the changes in Tasseled cap in different cities. This will help to improve our understanding of the relationship between urban development and climate change.

Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric Characteristics of voluntary functions inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary functions inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary functions inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary functions inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary Functions Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.